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Maechi or Mae chee ((タイ語:แม่ชี); ) are Buddhist laywomen in Thailand who have dedicated their life to religion, vowing celibacy, living an ascetic life and holding eight or even ten precepts (instead of lay Buddhists' five). They occupy a position somewhere between that of an ordinary lay follower and an ordained monastic and similar to that of the sāmaṇerī. It is still illegal for women to take full ordination as a Buddhist nun ''(Bhikkhuni)'' in Thailand because of a 1928 law created by the Supreme Patriarch of Thailand.〔"ประกาศห้ามพระเณรไม่ให้บวชหญิงเป็นบรรพชิต ลงวันที่ ๑๘ มิถุนายน ๒๔๗๑." (ม.ป.ป.). (). เข้าถึงได้จาก: <(ลิงก์ )>. (เข้าถึงเมื่อ: ๒๓ พฤศจิกายน ๒๕๕๔).〕 He based this on the fact that Gautama Buddha allowed senior bhikkhunis to initiate new women into the order. Citing the belief that the Theravada bhikkhuni sangha had died out centuries earlier, the patriarch commanded that any Thai monk who ordained a female "is said to conduct what the Buddha has not prescribed, to revoke what the Buddha has laid down, and to be an enemy of the holy Religion...".〔See The Announcement Prohibiting Monks and Novices from Ordaining Females, dated June 18, 1928 on Thai Wikisource.〕 The most recent case brought to the Supreme Court of Thailand is that of Phothirak, a former monk who has been ejected from the Thai sangha after being convicted of breaching the vinaya repeatedly. Phothirak then created his own sect of Buddhism, Santi Asoke, and ordained about 80 bhikkhunis in 1998, leading to his imprisonment for 66 months on several successive counts of "causing schism amongst the religion".〔(Public Prosecutor v. Loetkhuphinit et al. )〕 Maechis have traditionally been and still are marginalized figures in Thai society.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://fsnewsletter.amaravati.org/html/81/order.htm )〕 During the 20th century, new movements to improve the lot of maechis emerged. But the situation is still far from being acceptable under modern standards of human rights, with other Thai women often the most vocally opposed to women wearing robes. The Thai Bhikkhuni Sangha has been revived by Dhammananda Bhikkhuni,〔(Bhikkhuni Dhammananda )〕〔(Thai Bhikkhunis - Songdhammakalyani monastery )〕 who took ordination as a bhikkhuni has not been imprisoned. But opposition from high-ranking Thai monks seems to have discouraged maechis from joining her.〔''The Structural Violence Against Women''. Nakhonpathom 2005.〕 Since 1971 there has been a Queen's Foundation for Thai Maechi, addressing maechi affairs. ==Overview== Because of the belief that the Bhikkhuni Sangha was never established in Thailand, women have traditionally been denied the chance to become ordained members of the sangha. Instead, for several centuries Thai women have chosen to live as ''maechis'', taking the eight precepts and living either in monasteries or in dedicated communities of female renunciants. Temporary maechis, who typically do not shave their heads, are called ''chi phram'' (). Like bhikkhus, maechis shave their heads and undertake precepts not generally observed by lay followers. Maechis most commonly receive these precepts from a monk, but there is little in the way of a formal ordination ceremony. Maechis wear white robes in their daily lives, distinguishing them from both monks and other lay people. Maechi are not recognized as monastics by the Thai government and are not eligible for monastic benefits but they are denied the rights of other lay citizens. While the officially-recognized (male) sangha has traditionally received considerable oversight and assistance from various government ministries, only in the 20th Century did the Thai Sangha begin to take an organized role in providing for the needs of maechis. An institute now attempts to roughly track the number of maechis in the country, and provides funds that can be used for educational opportunities for maechis. The amount per person spent by the government, on supporting maechis, is significantly less than the amount spent on monks. Likewise, maechis do not receive certain perks (such as free passage on public transportation) that are offered to monks. Yet, maechis - like monks - are forbidden from voting or standing for civil elections in Thailand. In addition, maechis have traditionally not enjoyed the same level of support given to monks by the Thai laity. Because the maechis have no special position described in the ''Tipiṭaka'' or Pāli Canon, they are seen as laywomen and gifts given to maechis are not seen as bringing merit to the donor in the same manner that gifts given to a monk would. Most Thais are unfamiliar with the history of the Theravada bhikkhuni sangha and believe that Gautama Buddha never ordained women. Others believe that women have become maechis because they can't find a husband or to escape personal and family problems. Most maechis live on the premise of a temple. The temple may provide daily meals and lodging but in general, maechis are expected to provide for themselves through support from relatives and temples do not care for them as they do male monastics. Most maechis essentially act as servants or staff for the temple, cooking and cleaning for monks and overseeing the sale of incense and other offerings to visitors to the temple. Smaller numbers of maechis live in their own communities, which may or may not be associated with a local monastery. Women in these communities often experience better conditions those living in traditional monasteries. The separation of the male and female renunciants helps discourage the maechis being used as servants by monks and temple staff. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maechi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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